Logical View of M40 Architecture

Leading-edge ASICs
The feature-rich M40 ASICs deliver a comprehensive hardware-based system for packet processing, including route lookups, filtering, sampling, rate limiting, load balancing, buffer management, switching, encapsulation, and de-encapsulation functions. To ensure a non-blocking forwarding path, all channels between the ASICs are oversized, dedicated paths.

Internet Processor II ASIC
The Internet Processor II^? ASIC supports a lookup rate of over 40 Mpps. With over one million gates, the Internet Processor II ASIC delivers high-speed forwarding performance with advanced services, such as filtering and sampling, enabled. It is the largest, fastest, and most advanced ASIC ever implemented on a router platform and deployed in the Internet.

Distributed Buffer Manager ASICs
The Distributed Buffer Manager ASICs allocate incoming data packets throughout shared memory on the FPCs. This single-stage buffering improves performance by requiring only one write to and one read from shared memory. There are no extraneous steps of copying packets from input buffers to output buffers. The shared memory is completely nonblocking, which in turn, prevents head-of-line blocking.

I/O Manager ASICs
Each FPC is equipped with an I/O Manager ASIC that supports wire-rate packet parsing, packet prioritizing, and queuing. This ASIC divides the packets, stores them in shared memory (managed by the Distributed Buffer Manager ASICs), and re-assembles the packets for transmission.

Media-specific ASICs
The media-specific ASICs perform physical layer functions, such as framing. Each PIC is equipped with an ASIC or FPGA that performs control functions tailored to the PIC's media type.
Packet Forwarding Engine
The PFE provides Layer 2 and Layer 3 packet switching, route lookups, and packet forwarding. The Internet Processor II ASIC forwards up to 40 Mpps for all packet sizes. The aggregate throughput is 51.2 Gbps half duplex.

The PFE supports the same ASIC-based features supported by other M-series routers. For example, class-of-service features include rate limiting, classification, priority queuing, Random Early Detection, and Weighted Round Robin to increase bandwidth efficiency. Filtering and sampling are also available for restricting access, increasing security, and analyzing network traffic.

Finally, the PFE delivers maximum stability during exceptional conditions, while also providing a significantly lower part count. This stability reduces power consumption and increases mean time between failure.

Flexible PIC Concentrators
The FPCs house PICs and connect them to the rest of the PFE. There is a dedicated, full-duplex, 3.2-Gbps channel between each FPC and the core of the PFE.

You can insert up to eight FPCs in an M40 chassis. The OC-48c/STM-16 PIC occupies an entire FPC. Otherwise, each FPC supports up to four PICs in any combination, providing unparalleled interface density and configuration flexibility.

Each FPC contains shared memory for storing data packets received; the Distributed Buffer Manager ASICs on the SCB manage this memory. In addition, the FPC houses the I/O Manager ASIC, which performs a variety of queue management and class-of-service functions.

Physical Interface Cards
PICs provide a complete range of fiber optic and electrical transmission interfaces to the network. The M40 router offers flexibility and conserves rack space by supporting a wide variety of PICs and port densities. All PICs occupy one of four PIC spaces per FPC except for the OC-48c/STM-16 PIC, which occupies an entire FPC slot.

An additional Tunnel Services PIC enables the M40 router to function as the ingress or egress point of an IP-IP unicast tunnel, a Cisco generic routing encapsulation (GRE) tunnel, or a Protocol Independent Multicast - Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) tunnel.

System Control Board
Hosting the Internet Processor II ASIC, the SCB performs sampling, filtering, and packet forwarding decisions. The SCB also houses a processor that processes exception and control packets, monitors system components, and controls FPC resets.

Routing Engine
The Routing Engine maintains the routing tables and controls the routing protocols, as well as the JUNOS software processes that control the router’s interfaces, the chassis components, system management, and user access to the router. These routing and software processes run on top of a kernel that interacts with the PFE.

• The Routing Engine processes all routing protocol updates from the network, so PFE performance is not affected.
  
• The Routing Engine constructs and maintains routing tables with a complete set of Internet features and provides full flexibility for advertising, filtering, and modifying routes. Routing policies are set according to route parameters, such as prefixes, prefix lengths, and BGP attributes.

JUNOS Internet Software
JUNOS software is optimized to scale to large numbers of network interfaces and routes. The software consists of a series of system processes running in protected memory on top of an independent operating system. The modular design improves reliability by protecting against system-wide failure and by preventing the failure of one process from affecting the other software processes.